Dead or Alive (series)

Dead or Alive (デッド・オア・アライブ, Deddo oa Araibu) is a series of video games developed produced by Tecmo; now Tecmo Koei.

Primarily, Dead or Alive is composed of fast-paced fighting games. The first Dead or Alive was released in 1996 for the arcade, which was well-known for its advanced graphics for that time. Today, the Dead or Alive series consists of five main fighting games, nine remakes and ports, three beach volleyball-based spin-off titles, and a blackjack spin-off, across eleven different video game platforms. It has also spawned a feature film, DOA: Dead or Alive, which is loosely based on the game series.

The story and characters of Dead or Alive are the creation of Tomonobu Itagaki, who also "rebooted" the Ninja Gaiden series, and was developed by Tecmo's Team Ninja development team. Although Itagaki left the Tecmo company, filing a lawsuit against it for withholding bonus pay, Team Ninja was taken over by Yosuke Hayashi, and there are plans to continue the series.

Over the years, Dead or Alive has been praised for its impressive graphics and fighting system; however, it has also been the subject of controversy, due to how the sex appeal of its female character is viewed and used in the series.

Overview
Dead or Alive is set in a world similar to our present day, but with an advanced understanding and development in science, where organizations can gain the technology for genetic experiments, and create high-tech weaponry and transport. However, traditional and archaic ways of life - such as the ways of the shinobi - are still present in certain places of the world.

The series features a cast of martial artists of various martial arts, nationalities and backgrounds, who take part in a worldwide tournament called the "Dead or Alive World Combat Championship" for various reasons, held every year by the Dead or Alive Tournament Executive Committee, who secretly use the tournaments as a way to find and/or create "the ultimate fighter" through genetic experiments. The main plot revolves around the growing war between DOATEC and the Mugen Tenshin Ninja Clan, who seek to destroy the committee for years of abuse.

Development
The Dead or Alive series was created by programmer Tomonobu Itagaki, who is regarded by the game development community for his outspoken and stubborn nature in the development of the series. Before the release of the original Dead or Alive, Itagaki had recently become a programmer for the budding company Tecmo in 1992, which was in need of brand of video games to establish a sufficient market. In this vein, Itagaki made a wager with the head of the company, assuring the president he would create a video game that would garner a competent fan base.

Because of the pressure placed on game, Itagaki named it "Dead or Alive" to demonstrate that the company's future rested on the game's success, and proceeded to form a division in the company named "Team Ninja". Revealed in a December 2004 interview by Game Informer magazine, Itagaki's inspiration for the series derived from the ' series from Japan, and the American ' series. In the development, he based the game's fast gameplay and sexual appeal from the former, and the series' ability to knock opponents off landscapes from the latter: "I wanted to do something that would attract people's attention as I worked on the DOA game. Of course, DOA is known for its bouncing breasts. Well, I didn't come up with that idea originally. I actually got the idea from one of SNK's 2D fighting games "Garou Densetsu". Of course, when I applied it to a 3D game, it was almost too much for people. And of course, it hurts to fall off from high places in DOA, but the idea came from "Mortal Kombat". In the case of "Mortal Kombat", the 2D fighter, the character falls off and he simply dies. That ends the game. That's it. But we figured it would be more interesting to have the character continue to fight after the fall. And that's what we did..."

On Itagaki's view on how he wished the series to contribute to the fighting genre, he replied: "...I want people to remember DOA as a game that was very aggressive and combative. As to the first question - how it contributed to the fighting genre - I look at it as something similar to how sushi was released in this country and became mainstream. You know, like, some people like graphics, some people like animation, some like flashy character design and so forth. Through DOA, we want to reach out to those people and become somewhat of a mainstream game.

Gameplay
The Dead or Alive series focuses on fast-paced gameplay in a three-dimensional playing field. In comparison to other fighting series in its genre, such as , the series places emphasis on striking characters quickly and efficiently. There is an emphasis on "juggling", since countering and fast recovery times make striking risky at times, which prevents slow, technical sets of moves in most instances.

One of series's most innovative additions to the genre is its countering system. Beginning from the original Dead or Alive, players could input a backwards directional input in co-operation with the respective guard button to defend against a character's attack while dealing significant damage to the victim's life bar. Counter holds must be timed correctly with an attack, and also must be executed correspondingly with the area of attack. For example, a character that successfully counters a low kick attack from another player must time the input as well as place a downward directional push on the joystick.

Like other modern fighting games that attempt to emulate the real life martial arts, the input system in Dead or Alive is modeled on the controls to correspond to the actions being carried out by the avatar; a forward directive punch would most likely be executed with the punch input and the pressing of the directional pad in the appropriate direction.

The series controls also make the instances of speed and simplicity more congruent with the focus of timing and combos in mind, as the commands for basic attacks are widely considered more straightforward than most video games. There is only one button for punch, kick, throw and guard, with the player rarely having to combine more than two different input schemes together at a time. There is a general "rock-paper-scissors" element to the game and essentially boils everything down to timing and ability to read the enemy's style.

In Dead or Alive 2, the series implemented its tag fighting system, allowing characters to switch back and forth for combo attacks and even attack simultaneously when timed correctly. The tag mode also included special throws unique to certain pairs of characters and allows for the participation of four players, something not common in the genre.

Dead or Alive

 * Arcade release: November 1996 (JAP)
 * Saga Saturn release: October 8, 1997 (JAP)
 * PlayStation release: March 12, 1998 (JAP); March 31, 1998 (NA); July 1998 (EU)

Originally released for the arcades, Dead or Alive was released November 1996 and was the first installment to the franchise. Running on 's Model 2 engine, the game was proven a success in Japan and became known for its unique countering system, its speed and the “bounciness” of the female characters. The game introduced the first seven recurring fighters of the series: Bayman, Gen Fu, Jann Lee, Leifang, Kasumi, Tina Armstrong, Zack, and the star of the Ninja Gaiden series, Ryu Hayabusa.

On October 8th, 1997, a port of Dead or Alive for the was released in two versions; a regular edition and a limited edition that included the game, a specialized box, a Kasumi CD print and an artbook. Due to the Saturn’s lack of a 3D chip, the character models were edited down and the background stage images were pre-rendered. In addition, however, the character moves were adjusted in comparison to the Arcade variant.

In 1998, Dead or Alive was released for the console with several improvements with graphics, and included remixed stage designs, additional costumes, and two additional characters; Ayane and Bass Armstrong. On March 31, 1998, Dead or Alive was released in North America, becoming the first 3D fighting game for the PlayStation console in the North American market.

The PlayStaion version was turned into a arcade title named Dead or Alive ++, and was released in July 1998 in Japan. Dead or Alive ++ ran on a graphics board similar to the PSX System 11/12, however despite being overall visually similar to the PlayStation release, the stage backgrounds had been replaced with 2D art, and many consider the original arcade title to be superior.

Dead or Alive 2

 * Original Arcade release: October 16, 1999 (JAP)
 * Millennium Arcade release: January 2000 (JAP)
 * Dreamcast release: February 29, 2000 (NA); July 14, 2000 (EU); September 28, 2000 (JAP)
 * PlayStation 2 release: March 30, 2000 (JAP); October 25, 2000 (NA); December 15, 2000 (EU)

Running on the NAOMI arcade board, Dead or Alive 2 for the arcades possessed richer and faster gameplay over its predecessors with CG cutscenes and endings, as well as a better game engine allowing for more detailed characters and environments. The innovation of the multi-tiered stages (first seen in ) were popularized by this game. Four new characters were also added to the roster: Ein, Helena Douglas, Leon, and Gohyakumine Bankotsubo the Tengu. In January 2000, an updated arcade variant, Dead or Alive 2 Millennium Edition was created to coincide with the onset of the new millennium, and featured additional costumes for the characters.

The Dreamcast version of Dead or Alive 2 is a direct conversion of the original arcade version; successfully converted due to the similarities between the Dreamcast’s architecture and the NAOMI arcade board. The European and Japanese releases weren’t actually created until after the release of Dead or Alive 2 for the in Japan. While the European release was similar to the North American version, the Japanese release of Dead or Alive 2 on the Dreamcast featured sharper graphics, extra stages and costumes pulled from the original Dead or Alive games. Two editions were released for the Japanese version; a regular edition and a limited edition with the limited edition possessing a CD print and CG gallery.

Based on the Dead or Alive 2 Millennium Edition, the PlayStation 2 port of Dead or Alive 2 suffered poor anti-aliasing and screen resolution as well as possessing certain glitches that could cause the game to lock up in Versus Mode. Despite that, however, the game possessed deeper colour depth and was released with both a regular version and a limited edition version; which entailed variant packaging.

A revised edition of Dead or Alive 2 for the PlayStation 2, Dead or Alive 2: Hardcore was released in Europe and North America, and possessed the best gameplay, graphics and extras out of all of the Dead or Alive 2 ports. In the European release, the game it was simply known as Dead or Alive 2.

Released on December 14, 2000 in Japan, and possessing even more extras over the North American and European versions of Hardcore, Dead or Alive 2: Hard*Core possessed additional cinematics, costumes, and a turbo option.

Dead or Alive 3
Released as a launch game for the console, Dead or Alive 3 uses the power of the Xbox to create graphics and gameplay in superior detail to that of its predeceasing games.
 * Released: November 14, 2001 (NA); February 22, 2001 (JAP); March 14, 2002 (EU)

The Japanese version (known as "Dead or Alive 3.1" by the community) included some new attacks and move properties, while in the European version ("Dead or Alive 3.2") some issues with overpowered moves were fixed, resulting in it becoming the preferred version of the three for videogame tournament usage.

The Japanese and European versions also came with additional FMV's and costumes which the North American version could only get through OXM’s booster disc or through unlocking the "booster pack" in Dead or Alive Ultimate. New characters introduced in this game were Brad Wong, Christie, Hayate and Hitomi.

Dead or Alive 4
Released as a launch game for the, Dead or Alive 4 has a more refined, and some say difficult, combat system in comparison to its predecessors. The game introduced Eliot and Kokoro to the cast, and Lisa Hamilton, who previously appeared in Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball, made her fighting debut in Dead or Alive 4 as "La Mariposa". The game also featured a guest character to celebrate the franchise, Spartan-458.
 * Released: December 29, 2005 (NA); December 29, 2005 (JAP); January 27, 2006 (EU)

Dead or Alive 5
Dead or Alive 5 is the fifth main installment of the Dead or Alive series, and was released in 2012 for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
 * PlayStation 3/Xbox 360 release: September 25, 2012 (NA); September 27, 2012 (JPN); September 28, 2012 (EUR)
 * PlayStation Vita release: March 19, 2013 (NA); March 20, 2013 (JPN); March 22, 2013 (EUR)

Although the game had been rumored since 2006, Dead or Alive 5 was officially announced by Team Ninja during a press event in September 2011 at the Tokyo Game Show. While showing a gameplay trailer, Team Ninja was quoted saying that the stages in Dead or Alive 5 will no longer be "sidekicks" to the action, but critical parts of the competitive experience, with the whole game revolving around the theme "fighting entertainment.

Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball
A holiday island simulation, Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball was the first spin-off from the mainstream Dead or Alive fighting games, with the game’s focus turning to Beach Volleyball, item collection and mild social relationship simulation between the female cast members of the series. Unlike the original soundtracks of previous games, this title featured a soundtrack of songs from various popular artists.
 * Released: January 23, 2003 (JAP); January 23, 2003 (NA); March 28, 2003 (EU)

Due to the gravure movies and risqué swimsuits, many considered the game to be perverted. However it was also praised for the beach volleyball mechanics and overall performance as a simulator.

Dead or Alive Ultimate
The Xbox compilation of Dead or Alive Ultimate compiles of a port of the Saga Saturn version of Dead or Alive, and a revamped version of Dead or Alive 2: Hardcore with updated graphics and additional costumes. The game was among the first 3D fighters to offer online play.
 * Released: October 26, 2004 (NA);November 3, 2004 (JAP);February 18, 2005 (EU)

The game was released with a regular edition and various collector editions, including one that came with two random trading cards for North America, a Japanese pre-order that came with a Kasumi figurine and a bonus material disc known as the Digital Venus that featured character voices and sprite and CG galleries, and two Xbox console bundles; one released in Japan which featured a crystal blue ‘Kasumi-chan’ Xbox and controller, the game and an inflatable Kasumi pillow, and one in Europe which simply featured the game plus a regular Xbox and controller. As of April 15th, 2010, Dead or Alive Ultimate's online features were shutdown along with other Xbox online titles.

Dead or Alive Xtreme 2
Released:November 15, 2006 (NA); November 22, 2006 (JAP); December 8, 2006 (EU) Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 is the direct sequel to Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball, released for the Xbox 360. While retaining much of the activities shown in the previous game, the game included new minigames such as Marine Racing and various beach and pool novelty games.

Despite possessing superior graphics and gameplay engine, the game received far more negative reviews than in comparison to its series predecessor due to a combination of possessing even more risqué swimsuits then before, a unlock-able Pole Dancing scene, and the independent “Breast Physics” for the characters. It should be noted, however, that most of these reviews were based on personal taste and very few focused on an objective viewpoint of the game’s performance as a simulator. The Japanese limited edition came with a set of playing cards.

Girls of DOA BlackJack
Girls of DOA BlackJack is a spin-off blackjack game for the and. There is currently only one version of the game, featuring Kasumi as the dealer of a blackjack table. The player is able to unlock various costumes for her to wear in game. The title suggests that more versions of the game featuring other female characters from the series may have been planned, but no plans for future installments are known for certain. In February 2010, removed this game from the, due to new censorship rules; Kasumi's bikini costume broke the rule of no sexual content.
 * Released: June 10, 2009

Dead or Alive Paradise
Dead or Alive Paradise was a port of Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 for the handheld console. As with the previous Dead or Alive Xtreme titles, Paradise is a holiday island simulation with a focus on beach volleyball. However, due to a comparatively smaller game engine, the selection of activities were limited to volleyball, item collection, photo taking, Pool Hopping and gambling simulators. The game also featured a guest appearance of Rio from the Super Black Jack franchise.
 * Released: March 2010 (NA); April 2, 2010 (JAP); April 2, 2010 (EU)



Dead or Alive: Dimensions
Dead or Alive: Dimensions is a title, created to pave the way for more Dead or Alive titles without Itagaki, and featured a story that covered the whole of the main series plot, attempting to fill in additional details that where missed in the previous games, and even re-write some of the minor events. It re-used much of the material (i.e. costumes, locations) that was used in the previous games too, but were improved with 3D, high definition graphics. It was the first Dead or Alive fighting game for a handheld device, and the first game in the whole series for a Nintendo console.

Sex Appeal Controversy
The Dead or Alive series' use of female characters to attract attention is viewed by some as controversial. Toby Gard, the creator of Tomb Raider and its female protagonist Lara Croft noted his view on the sex appeal of Dead or Alive. In response to a query that supported Lara was a large part of introducing sex appeal into video games and how this had an impact on the gaming industry, Toby replied:

"...I don't think it’s wrong or bad in any way, really, it just seems to be getting out of hand with the old Xtreme Beach ball scenarios. I think that's going a tad too far. That's not really empowering anyone."

DOA: Dead or Alive
Dead or Alive hit the big screens in 2006 with a live action film, DOA: Dead or Alive. The movie was loosely based on the game series. The film received negative reviews, and was voted #10 in Gametrailers's "Top Ten Worst Video Game Movies".

Dead Fantasy
Kasumi, Ayane, Hitomi, Hayate, Helena, and Ryu - with Ninja Gaiden characters Rachel and Momiji - went head-to-head with a select cast of characters from the Final Fantasy in Monty Oum's on-going CG movie series, Dead Fantasy. While Dead Fantasy is a unofficially, fan-made series, the movies have gained great internet success, and have been shown in various official videogame conventions such as E3.